Juror Eight In Twelve Angry Men By Reginald Rose - 776 Words

Picture a room with a large table in the center. There is a door, but it is locked. Filling up all the twelve seats around the table, there are twelve men: jurors debating the murder of a man living near the el tracks. The man’s son is his alleged killer, but one juror is not convinced. This image is from Twelve Angry Men, a play written by Reginald Rose. The Eighth Juror is being fair to the child, explaining how there are many â€Å"what-ifs† in the situation. Juror Eight brings up many different pieces of evidence and logic to try to understand both sides of the case. He also wants the other jurors to see each side because he wants a fair trial. So, Juror Eight plays a very important part in this play. Juror Eight began the story by†¦show more content†¦Instead of getting angry at the Sixth Juror immediately and saying hurtful things back, he continued with his argument politely. In summary, Juror Eight reveals many traits and characteristics of himself and these characteristics and his actions impact the story greatly. When the Eighth Juror tried to open the discussion and give the boy a fair trial, he created the whole story. The entire play would not have even occurred if not for the Eighth Juror. At the start, all of the jurors wanted to go home. Several even talk about how they want to â€Å"get this over with† (Rose 7). So, all jurors were willing to vote as quickly as possible even if it meant that the defendant may not get the fairest hearing. But, the eighth was not willing to allow this because he wanted a fair trial. So, without the Eighth Juror, would there even be a story to tell? Most would think not. Juror Eight says many things that make the rest of the jury think a lot about. For instance, he states, â€Å"It’s not easy to identify a voice† (Rose 32). By bringing up this valid reasoning, he added to the story and gave the boy a fair chance by questioning whether the story of everybody involved in t he case is definitely true. Furthermore, if the Eighth Juror had not promoted the discussion of this boy’s case, everyone would have voted guilty beyond reasonable doubt. But, there was reasonable doubt from Juror Eight, asShow MoreRelatedTwelve Angry Men1296 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen accused of murdering his father. On April 14th, 1951, Reginald Rose, a thirty-one-year-old army veteran published his second, and most prominent dramatic work entitled Twelve Angry Men. This play is now admired as a momentous, eloquent and critical examination of the United States jury system. Twelve Angry Men examines key courtroom themes including civil duty and reasonable doubt. Through the voice of these twelve men, the audience must ask themselves imperative questions regardingRead MoreA Summary of the O.J. Simpson Trial1974 Words   |  8 Pagesthat nobody wanted to prosecute a football legend and an actor (Piombini). In the fictional play, Twelve Angry Men by Reginald Rose, twelve slightly frustrated men are chosen to be on a jury for a murder trial. The men discussed the fate of a boy who murdered his father; many believed that the boy was guilty due to racial differences. In both cases, one could state that racial prejudice may prevent a juror of these trials from voting logically and irrationally . The O.J. Simpson Trial should have beenRead MoreThe Twelve Angry Men Juror 3 and Juror 8 Comparing Essay1919 Words   |  8 PagesComparison essay comparing Juror 3 and Juror 8 What are some similarities between Jurors 3 and 8? What about differences? Oh gosh, its been years since Ive seen the movie (didnt read the play).   Okay,  Juror  #3 is the angry father, and Juror #8 is the guy who stands alone in the INNOCENT vote, right? I suspect the similarities are easier to find by reading the play because the movie really shows their contrasts. There is one similarity in that when they really believe something, theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Twelve Angry Men By Reginald Rose2345 Words   |  10 PagesExtended Analysis Twelve Angry Men Justice is a concept that is crucial to a fair and just society. For hundreds of years, countries have developed constitutions and other documents in place to form justice for those within the country. In Twelve Angry Men by Reginald Rose, the idea of justice is bounced around by twelve men on a jury. These men have the unthinkable decisions of whether a suspected murderer is given the death penalty or able to walk free. The jury in Twelve Angry Men made the most justRead MoreTwelve Angry Men By Reginald Rose1043 Words   |  5 Pagesthat prejudice obscures the truth whatever you do. This best sums up the story of the play, Twelve Angry Men. Twelve Angry Men by Reginald Rose, is about twelve caucasian jurors who are forced to make a verdict on whether a defendant of non-caucasian descent is guilty or not for premeditated homicide against his father. Unfortunately, the whole verdict seemed to depend on the thoughtful juror number eight who wants justice to be done and will fight to s ee that it is. In the drama, biases are unceasinglyRead More Voting Wisely: Twelve Angry Men822 Words   |  3 PagesRational judgment must be based solely on facts and unbiased discussion for justice to prevail in any matter. The time and setting of Reginald Rose’s â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† will be used to show how the conditions in the jury room correlate to the jurors’ attitudes but does not ultimately consequent to an irrational verdict. The play opens to the courtroom scene where the jurors had just spent several hours hearing the case in a very hot room, that mixed with boredom can cause attitudes. It is a blazing hotRead MoreEssay about The Power of Leadership in 12 Angry Men1477 Words   |  6 Pagesthe strength and speed of the most powerful pathogens – possessing equal communicability as they spread to proximal centers of consciousness. How can this characteristic of ideas be utilized to benefit society? In the film Twelve Angry Men, we see a situation where Juror Eight – equipped with all the autonomy and wisdom of an ideal leader – appeals to logos in an attempt to promote the consideration of an idea, which he has planted in the minds of an otherwise unanimous jury; this idea being theRead More12 Angry Men Movie Analysis Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesCourse: HRMG6200 Organization in New Economy Assignment: Twelve Angry Men Movie The movie Twelve Angry Men is about the twelve jurors that could adjust their influence in a decision-making process for conviction an eighteen years-old boy, whether the boy guilty or not guilty in murdering of his father. It represents a perfect example for applicable of a work group development framework. It also has examples of influence techniques among a group’s members. This paper is looking at those specificRead MoreSummary : Twelve Angry Men 1601 Words   |  7 Pagesconsists of twelve jurors discussing, and colliding opinions about a particular case. In the play; Twelve Angry Men twelve jurors were placed in a room doing just that to determine exactly how innocent a 16 year old boy is after being the blame for his father’s death. However, to begin with eleven of the twelve jurors felt as if the young man was guilty supporting the disciplinary sentence of a 1st degree murder charge that results in an automatic death penalty. Surprisingly, the 8th juror did wh ateverRead MoreEssay about Twelve Angry Men Juror 3739 Words   |  3 Pages12 Angry Men Essay Juror#3 In a crowded jury room in downtown New York, opinions collide as discussion about the innocence of a young boy is decided. The dark and foreboding storm clouds that hang over the heads of the jurors are beginning to lift as time progresses and new facts are presented. One juror is not happy about this stay of execution and is holding fast his opinion of guilty. Juror three, the president of his business, refuses to alter his vote or opinion in any way. Still haunted

Persuasive Essay On Drunk Driving - 1114 Words

Each year, 13,000 people are killed by drunk drivers with a blood alcohol level above .08. Advocates of a new standard for in-car breathalyzers say that most, if not all, of those accidents could have been avoided if the drunk driver hadnt been able to turn his or her car on. If Congress and Mothers Against Drunk Driving get their way, could your next new car could come with a breathalyzer pre-installed? Much confusion surrounds in-car breathalyzer devices for those convicted of a DUI (driving under the influence) or DWI (driving while impaired), their nationwide rollout and several bills going through Congress on the matter. Some predict well all be driving a car with a similar device in future -- guilty or not -- whereas some†¦show more content†¦Local, national advocates Carl McDonald, of MADD, is quick to point out that while the campaign group is in favor of mandatory interlock penalties in all cases of DUI or DWI, or for about 1.5 million Americans convicted each year; the group is not in favor of a rollout of breathalyzers in every new car. Some say that MADD is in favor of putting interlocks in every car, McDonald said. This is not the case. An interlock device is a method by which people demonstrate sobriety by actively doing something. We would never subject the population to that kind of thing by car. Thats only for offenders. Citing remarkable progress in the number of states signing into law mandatory interlocks for all offenders, he says the law is an easy sell to lawmakers -- even in the face of opposition from states rights groups. He adds that safety legislation on airbags and seat belts also became a federal issue and puts a timeframe of about ten years on a majority of states adopting, and enforcing, an interlock law for all offenders. What happens in real life...there are people who have been arrested and convicted of drunk driving, McDonald said. Following that conviction they were suspended. People we know violate those laws repeatedly and they may have been picked up repeatedly. We know theyre driving without insurance and often intoxicated. We want to make sure that if theyre driving at all, theyre driving sober. New Mexico was theShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Drunk Driving1118 Words   |  5 Pagesthe ultimate price for a bad decision you made. In the United States, a person dies every 51 minutes due to the actions of a drunk driver. Every day, alcohol impaired drivers are responsible for an average of 28 deaths. Understanding that it can happen to you and that choosing not to drive buzzed or impaired is the only responsible decision to make. Drinking and driving even just one time can be the biggest mistake you could ever make. I would like to take you back to 2003 . I was in kindergartenRead MorePersuasive Essay On Drunk Driving1185 Words   |  5 Pagestipsy, but the other person may not get out of this situation alive. Drunk driving is a painfully real problem in our country today. Traffic deaths numbered 37,461 in 2016, and 10,497 of those had alcohol to blame (â€Å"USDOT†). That means that 28% of all traffic deaths in 2016 involved a drunk driver. Even more sobering is the fact that 1,233 of alcohol-related traffic deaths were of children aged fourteen and younger (â€Å"Drunk Driving†). Voters and legislatures know that they have to do something. By 2002Read MorePersuasive Essay On Drunk Driving Laws736 Words   |  3 PagesEssay 3 Drunk driving accounts for nearly a third of traffic related deaths in the United States. Because of this it is perfectly reasonable for laws to be in place to prevent drunk driving. In my belief, these laws are just and put in place to not only protect the driver under the influence, but those around them. John Rawls would also believe that these ideas are just due to the law not impeding on anyone’s basic liberties. The laws are also the same for everyone, no matter the social standingRead MoreDrunk Driving Persuasive Speech Essay629 Words   |  3 PagesPerkins Persuasive Speech I. Attention 1. You tube video clip, â€Å"Dedicated to Loved Ones Lost† 2. Every day in America, another 28 people die as a result of drunk driving crashes. (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2011.) II. Central Thesis Drunk driving is an epidemic that continues to have severe and life threatening consequences for those involved, if we simply take a few steps against drunk driving we can help decrease this epidemic. III. Body A. Need: Drunk drivingRead MoreBUS 303: A Persuasive and Descriptive Essay on Traffic on Freeway1838 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Persuasive and Descriptive Essay The loud screech of brakes and chaos of cars madly attempting to avoid hitting each other froze the rush hour traffic to a standstill in pure fear. You could literally smell the burned rubber, fuel and fear in the hot afternoon sun. In an instant of extreme paranoia all the drivers on the freeway stopped and looked to see what had nearly caused at least four cars to go hurtling into each other. In the fast lane sat a young man chatting on his cell phone andRead MoreDrinking and Driving Essay865 Words   |  4 Pagesdesignated driver, that should be the question Persuasive Essay ENG4U Due: March 9th 2010 For: Ms. Leroux-Simurda From Michelle Skippen One glass, two glasses, three glasses, before you know it you are drunk and you need to get home. You figure everything will be fine, considering you are a great driver, right? Wrong, drinking and driving is a deadly combination. One drink and you can reduceRead MoreDrinking and Driving Persuasive Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesDrinking and Driving Persuasive Essay Comm215 July 12, 2010 Drinking and Driving Each year numerous lives are lost due to careless and irrational driving. The disregard for safe driving has been a predicament to the United States of America for years. Many years Police have relied heavily on speed cameras, breathalyzer tests and heavy fines as a deterrent against unlawful drivers. Over the years fatality rates have increased, so the Department of Transportation and Highway Safety hasRead MorePersuasive Essay Topics1228 Words   |  5 Pages101 Persuasive Essay Topics By: Mr. Morton Whether you are a student in need of a persuasive essay topic, or a teacher looking to assign a persuasive essay, this list of 101 persuasive essay topics should be a great resource. I taxed my brain to create this huge list of persuasive essay topics relevant to todays society, but I believe I am happy with the results. I appreciate any and all comments or feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24Read MorePersuasive Essay‚Äà ®Cell Phones and Driving1006 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Essay—Cell phones and driving Suzy Campbell Title Balancing my coffee on my left leg, eating a donut with my right hand, using my cell phone with my left hand, driving with my right knee and having a conversation with a friend at the same time are surprisingly enough all legal, as long as they don’t interfere with my driving. While all these distractions can potentially interfere with my driving, the one most people often notice is the use of cell phones. Although using cell phonesRead MoreDistracted Driving Annotated Bibliography1727 Words   |  7 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Distracted Driving. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. In this article â€Å"Distracted Driving†, many distractions are mentioned other than just cell phone usage, such as changing the radio station or driving with kids in the back seat. It is stated that the dangers from distracted driving are because of the decrease in brain function and inability to pay full attention to the road. These practices

Data Communication Reviewer Free Essays

Reviewer DataCom: Chapter 1-5 Chapter 1: Intranet- Restricted group on a company and only allows internal employee access. Extranet- Type of network that allows outside vendors special access to limited info in a company. Protocols- Rules of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Communication Reviewer or any similar topic only for you Order Now * An identified sender and receiver * An agreed-upon method of communicating * Common language and grammar * Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements Elements of a Network: * Rules or agreements: protocols or how the message is semt, directed, received and interpreted. * Massages: units of info that travels Medium: means of interconnecting these devices, can transport the messages * Devices: devices on the network exchange messages Messages- a generic term that encompasses forms of communication enabled by the Internet. Devices- several devices work to see that the message is properly directed to the source to the destination device. Icons- symbols that graphically presents network devices and media. * Desktop Computer * Laptop * Server – a computer dedicated to providing app services * IP Phone – a digital phone * LAN media * Wireless media LAN switch – most common device for interconnect LANs * Firewall – provides security to networks * Router – helps direct messages between networks * Wireless router * Cloud – summarize a group of networking devices * WAN media IP (Internet Protocal) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – most common protocols * WWW – HTTP * E-mail – SMTP * Instant messae – XMPP * IP telephony – SIP Convergence – coming together of technologies onto a digital platform. It occurs when computer communications all use the same rules to transport their messages. Network Architecture – the conceptual plans on which a physical network is built. Fault tolerance- needs to function even if some components fail * Scalability- network’s ability to grow react to future changes * Quality of service- performance level of services. Prioritize traffic and its characteristics to manage data. * and Security Packets-single message is broken into small blocks of data. Bandwidth- measure of the data-carrying capacity of the network. Chapter 2: Elements of communication: * Message source, or sender * Destination, or receiver * Channel- media that provides pathway Network- refers to data networks carrying massages. Segmentation- all messages are broken into smaller pieces Multiplexing- occurs when segments of two messages can shuffle into each other and share the medium. * Increased efficiency of network communication End device- a piece of equipment that is either the source or the destination of a message on a network. Host- an end device that sends or receives messages. Clients- other hosts that set up to store and share info by the host servers *The host address is a unique physical address used by hosts inside a LAN. Intermediary device- connects the individual host to the network and connect multiple individual network to form an internetwork. Network access devices * Internetwork devices * Communication severs * Modems * Security devices Network media: Copper, Fiber-optic cable, Wireless Encoding- refers to the way data is converted to patterns of electrical, light, or electromagnetic energy. LAN- a group of end devices and users under the control of a common administrator. WAN- a network that is used to connect LANs that are geographically far apart. Internetwork- is a collection of two or more LANs connected by WANs. Proprietary – A limited-use protocol owned by a company. Network Representations: Network interface card (NIC)- provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other host device. * Physical port- is a connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to a host. * Interface- refers to how the device can allow 2 different networks to communicate. The organizations that standardize networking protocols are: * IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers * IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force Interaction of Protocols: * Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – common protocol that governs the way that a web server and a web client interact. Transport protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients. * Internetwork protocol * Network access protocols – describes 2 primary functions: Data-Link Management the physical transmission of data on the media. Layered Models – describe the complex process of network communication. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) – is the most widely known internetwork reference model. Provides an abstract description of the network communication process. Developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Application, Representation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical TCP/IP Model – defines the 4 communication functions that protocols perform. * Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access Encapsulation- Process of adding control info as it passes through the layered model Decapsulation- process of removing extra information Protocol Data Unit (PDU) – generic term for data at each level. Chapter 3: Presentation Layer has 3 primary functions: * Coding and conversion of application layer data * Compression of the data * Encryption of the data TCP/IP protocols: Domain Name System (DNS) – used to resolve internet names to IP address. * HTTP – used to transfer files that make up the web pages of the WWW. * Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – used for the transfer of mail messages and attachments. * Telnet – a terminal emulation protocol used to provide remote access to servers and networking devices. * File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – used for interactive file transfer between systems. Process – each executing program loaded on a device. Client/server model Deamon – are describes as â€Å"listening† for a request from a client. Application layer services and protocols Peer-to-peer networking and applications * 2 or more computers are connected through a network and can share resources such as printers and files without having a dedicated server. nslookup – a utility that allows the user to manually query the name servers to resolve a given host name. ipconfig/displaydns – displays all the cached DNS entries 3 common message types are: * GET- is a client request for data. * POST and PUT- are used to send messages to that upload data to the web browser. E-Mail Server Processes: * Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) – process used to forward e-mail. * Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) Server Message Block (SMB) – a client/server file-sharing protocol. Chapter 4: Transport Layer – provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. It enables applications on devices to communicate. * Tracking the individual communications * Segmenting data and managing each piece * Reassembling the segments * Identifying the different applications * Performing flow control between end users * Enabling error recovery * Initiating a session Flow Control – can prevent the loss of segments on the network and avoid the need for retransmission. Used to avoid buffer overflows. Two most common transport layer: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – incurs additional overhead to gain functions. * Web browsers, E-mail, File transfers UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – provide the basic functions for efficiently delivering the data pieces. Has the advantage of providing low-overhead data delivery. * DNS, Video streaming, Voice over IP (VoIP) 3 basic operations of reliability: * Tracking transmitted data * Acknowledging received data * Retransmitting any unacknowledged data Socket – refers only to the unique combination of IP address and port number. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) – assigns port number. Different types of ports: * Well-known ports (0 to 1023) – reserved for services and applications. * Registered ports (1024 to 49151) – are assigned to user processes or applications. * Dynamic or private ports (49152 to 65535) – also known as ephemeral ports, are usually assigned dynamically to client applications. netstat – a command that is an important network utility that you can use to verify TCP connections. It lists the protocol in use, the local address and port number†¦ Datagram – is a UDP segment (piece). Flags – are six 1-bit fields contain control information used to manage the TCP processes: * URG: Urgent pointer field significant * ACK: Acknowledgement field significant * PSH: Push function * RST: Reset the connection * SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers * FIN: No more data from sender *flags have fields that the only value is 1 bit and, therefore, has only two values: 1 or 0. 3 way handshake: Step 1 – SYN, Step 2 – SYN and ACK, Step 3 – ACK. Expectational acknowledgement – occurs when TCP uses the acknowledgement number in segments sent back to the source to indicate the next byte in this session that the receiver expects to receive. Window size – is the amount of data that a source can transmit before an acknowledgement must be received. Chapter 5: OSI Layer 3 – provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices. The network layer describes four tasks to be performed: * Addressing packets with an IP address * Encapsulation – is the process of adding that information. * Routing – is the process router perform when receiving packets†¦ * Decapsulation – is the process of removing encapsulation data at different layers. Source IP address – is the IP address of the sending host Destination IP address – is the IP address of the receiving host. IP header – contains the address information and some other bits that identify the PDU as a network layer PDU. Packet – is referred when an OSI layer 4 PDU has been encapsulated at the network layer. Hop – is each route that a packet takes to reach the next device. Common network protocol: * IPv4 – most widely used network protocol. * IPv6 – currently in use in some area. * Novell IPX – a widely popular internetworking protocol in the 1980s and 19990s. * AppleTalk – Apple Computer’s propriety networking protocol. Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) – a protocol used in telecommunication network. IPv4 basic characteristics: * Connectionless * Best effort (unreliable) * Media independent *Some networks have media restrictions and must enforce a Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Fragmentation – is the process when the network layer builds the pa ckets according to specification. Key fields: * IP source addressing * IP destination addressing * Time to Live (TTL) * Type of Service (ToS) * Protocol * Flag and Fragment Offset Other Key Fields: * Version * Internet Header Length (IHL) * Packet Length * Identification Header Checksum * Options * Padding *Because broadcast do not travel beyond the network boundary, the network is known as a broadcast domain. Gateway router – is the router a network uses to send and receive messages beyond the network. Hierarchical addressing – is read from the most general information to the most specific. Subnetting – the process when a large network needs to be divided into smaller subnets, additional network codes can be created using some of the bits designated for the host. *The default route is used when the destination network is not represented by any other route in the routing table. Next hop – is the address of the device that will process the packet next. *The route info can be manually configured on the router, creating what is known as a static route. Dynamic routing – when routers learn about routes automatically from other routers in the same internetwork. Routing Protocols – are the set of rules by which routers dynamically share their routing information. * Routing Information Protocol (RIP) * Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGRP) * Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 3 key factors to consider when grouping hosts into a common network: * Purpose * Ownership * Geographic location How to cite Data Communication Reviewer, Papers

Biology Simulator Assignment free essay sample

In vial one, a wild type hyper female Drosophila and wild type mellow male Drosophila were crossed respectively to determine the dominant behavioural phenotype. The first reciprocal cross was then carried out in vial two to define whether or not the behavioural phenotype is x-linked recessive. According to the results obtained from vial one, when the wild type hyper female and wild type mellow male was crossed, the resulting offspring’s phenotypes were all wild type hyper. This cross shows that the hyper behavioral phenotype can be considered dominant in comparison to mellow. In the reciprocal cross, the behavioural phenotypes were isolated from one another while the wing veins were kept constant (in this case both wild type). When the wild type mellow female Drosophila and wild type hyper male Drosophila were crossed, all female offspring obtained a similar phenotype to that of the male parental while all the male offspring had phenotypical combinations similar to that of the female parent. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Simulator Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This set of results shows that the mellow behavioral phenotype is a recessive x-linked gene carried by the female because the resulting male offspring showed the same characteristics to that of the female parent (received X – chromosome from female parent). On an additional note, there was a higher frequency of females in comparison to men; 121 and 105 respectively. In addition, the behavioral gene is sex -linked also because of the different resulting phenotypical ratio in comparison to the cross carried out in vial one. Another cross was carried out in vial three to determine the dominant wing vein phenotype. A wild type hyper female and veinless hyper male were crossed and as a result, all male offspring consisted phenotypical characteristics similar to that of the female parent while the female offspring had the same characteristics to that of the male parent. The results from this cross are somewhat similar to that of the reciprocal cross carried out in vial one. All male offspring had features exactly alike to that of the female parent, thus showing that wild type gene is x-linked recessive as all male offspring were wild type and hyper. It is also important to note that in this cross, a higher population of males existed than females (112 hyper wild type and 104 veinless hyper respectively). The second reciprocal cross was carried out in vial four directly after the above cross. This cross displayed a concise picture of which behavioral and wing vein phenotypes were dominant. Unlike the cross the done above, this time, a veinless hyper female and wild type hyper male were crossed and the resulting male and female offspring were all veinless hyper. Thus, proving veinless and hyper behaviour are the respective dominant phenotypes among the female and male Drosophila. Another cross was carried out to derive the first filial generation in which a veinless hyper female was crossed with a wild type mellow male and as a result, the offspring were all veinless hyper (a total of 214 offspring) which can be seen on the cross – record sheet under vial seven. A second filial generation was derived from a veinless hyper female and male Drosophila were crossed to distinguish a gene linkage relationship among the two phenotypes. Due to the genes being sex-linked, specifically x-linked recessive, the typical 9:3:3:1 ratio cannot be expected. However, a chi-squared test was carried out to determine how ‘’off’ our values were from the expected critical value of 7. 815 (obtained at a p-value of 0. 05) since such a ratio was not expected. A chi value of 31. 1 was achieved which is greater than the critical value. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected because the genes are linked which means that they are located very closely together on corresponding chromosomes. However, hypothetically, if a 9:3:3:1 ratio had been expected and if the chi value had been less than the critical value, than the null hypothesis would have been accepted as this indicates that the genes are not linked and are independently assorted (less cross overs /variation).